Uncovering the neural mechanisms underlying learning from tests
People learn better when re-study opportunities are replaced with tests. While researchers have begun to speculate on why testing is superior to study, few studies have directly examined the neural underpinnings of this effect. In this fMRI study, participants engaged in a study phase to learn arbit...
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description | People learn better when re-study opportunities are replaced with tests. While researchers have begun to speculate on why testing is superior to study, few studies have directly examined the neural underpinnings of this effect. In this fMRI study, participants engaged in a study phase to learn arbitrary word pairs, followed by a cued recall test (recall second half of pair when cued with first word of pair), re-study of each pair, and finally another cycle of cued recall tests. Brain activation patterns during the first test (recall) of the studied pairs predicts performance on the second test. Importantly, while subsequent memory analyses of encoding trials also predict later accuracy, the brain regions involved in predicting later memory success are more extensive for activity during retrieval (testing) than during encoding (study). Those additional regions that predict subsequent memory based on their activation at test but not at encoding may be key to understanding the basis of the testing effect. |
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Those additional regions that predict subsequent memory based on their activation at test but not at encoding may be key to understanding the basis of the testing effect.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092025</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24647122</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Activation ; Behavior ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Brain ; Brain - physiology ; Brain mapping ; Brain research ; Coding ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Educational Measurement ; Experiments ; Female ; Functional magnetic resonance imaging ; Humans ; Informatics ; Learning ; Learning - physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medical imaging ; Medical research ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Memory ; Memory - physiology ; NMR ; Nuclear magnetic resonance ; Parietal Lobe - physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex - physiology ; Recall ; Researchers ; Retention ; Social Sciences ; Studies ; Trends ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-03, Vol.9 (3), p.e92025-e92025</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2014 Liu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Those additional regions that predict subsequent memory based on their activation at test but not at encoding may be key to understanding the basis of the testing effect.</description><subject>Activation</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain - physiology</subject><subject>Brain mapping</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Coding</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Educational Measurement</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Functional magnetic resonance imaging</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Informatics</subject><subject>Learning</subject><subject>Learning - physiology</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Memory</subject><subject>Memory - physiology</subject><subject>NMR</subject><subject>Nuclear magnetic resonance</subject><subject>Parietal Lobe - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Liu, Xiaonan L</au><au>Liang, Peipeng</au><au>Li, Kuncheng</au><au>Reder, Lynne M</au><au>Rao, Hengyi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Uncovering the neural mechanisms underlying learning from tests</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-03-19</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e92025</spage><epage>e92025</epage><pages>e92025-e92025</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>People learn better when re-study opportunities are replaced with tests. While researchers have begun to speculate on why testing is superior to study, few studies have directly examined the neural underpinnings of this effect. In this fMRI study, participants engaged in a study phase to learn arbitrary word pairs, followed by a cued recall test (recall second half of pair when cued with first word of pair), re-study of each pair, and finally another cycle of cued recall tests. Brain activation patterns during the first test (recall) of the studied pairs predicts performance on the second test. Importantly, while subsequent memory analyses of encoding trials also predict later accuracy, the brain regions involved in predicting later memory success are more extensive for activity during retrieval (testing) than during encoding (study). Those additional regions that predict subsequent memory based on their activation at test but not at encoding may be key to understanding the basis of the testing effect.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24647122</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0092025</doi><tpages>e92025</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Activation Behavior Biology and Life Sciences Brain Brain - physiology Brain mapping Brain research Coding Computer and Information Sciences Educational Measurement Experiments Female Functional magnetic resonance imaging Humans Informatics Learning Learning - physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical imaging Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Memory Memory - physiology NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Parietal Lobe - physiology Prefrontal Cortex - physiology Recall Researchers Retention Social Sciences Studies Trends Young Adult |
title | Uncovering the neural mechanisms underlying learning from tests |
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