Levels of 17β-Estradiol Receptors Expressed in Embryonic and Adult Zebrafish Following In Vivo Treatment of Natural or Synthetic Ligands
The nuclear receptors encompass a group of regulatory proteins involved in a number of physiological processes. The estrogen receptors (ERs), of which one alpha and one beta form exist in mammals function as transcription factors in response to 17β-estradiol (E2). In zebrafish there are three gene p...
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| description | The nuclear receptors encompass a group of regulatory proteins involved in a number of physiological processes. The estrogen receptors (ERs), of which one alpha and one beta form exist in mammals function as transcription factors in response to 17β-estradiol (E2). In zebrafish there are three gene products of estrogen receptors and they are denoted esr1 (ERalpha), esr2a (ERbeta2) and esr2b (ERbeta1). Total RNA of zebrafish early life stages ( |
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The estrogen receptors (ERs), of which one alpha and one beta form exist in mammals function as transcription factors in response to 17β-estradiol (E2). In zebrafish there are three gene products of estrogen receptors and they are denoted esr1 (ERalpha), esr2a (ERbeta2) and esr2b (ERbeta1). Total RNA of zebrafish early life stages (<3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours post fertilization) and of adult fish (liver, intestine, eye, heart, brain, ovary, testis, gill, swim bladder and kidney) were isolated following in vivo exposures. Using specific primers for each of the three zebrafish ERs the expression levels were quantified using real time PCR methodology. It was shown that in absence of exposure all three estrogen receptors were expressed in adult fish. The levels of expression of two of these three ER genes, the esr1 and esr2a were altered in organs such as liver, intestine, brain and testis in response to ligand (E2, diethylstilbestrol or 4-nonylphenol). During embryogenesis two of the three receptor genes, esr1 and esr2b were expressed, and in presence of ligand the mRNA levels of these two genes increased. The conclusions are i) estrogen receptor genes are expressed during early development ii) altered expression of esr genes in response to ligand is dependent on the cellular context; iii) the estrogenic ligand 4-nonylphenol, a manufactured compound commonly found in sewage of water treatment plants, acts as an agonist of the estrogen receptor during development and has both agonist and antagonist properties in tissues of adult fish. This knowledge of esr gene function in development and in adult life will help to understand mechanisms of interfering mimicking endocrine chemicals in vivo.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009678</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20300630</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>17β-Estradiol ; Animal tissues ; Brain ; Cellular manufacture ; Danio rerio ; Developmental Biology/Embryology ; Diethylstilbestrol ; Embryogenesis ; Embryonic growth stage ; ESR gene ; Estrogen receptors ; Estrogens ; Exposure ; Eye ; Fertilization ; Fish ; Gene expression ; Genes ; Genetics and Genomics/Gene Expression ; Industrial plants ; Intestine ; Kidneys ; Liver ; Mimicry ; Molecular Biology/Transcription Initiation and Activation ; Nonylphenol ; Nuclear receptors ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Organs ; Physiology/Endocrinology ; Primers ; Proteins ; Receptors ; Regulatory proteins ; Ribonucleic acid ; RNA ; Sewage ; Sex hormones ; Swim bladder ; Transcription factors ; Trout ; Waste treatment ; Water treatment ; Water treatment plants ; Xenoestrogens ; Xiphophorus maculatus ; Zebrafish</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2010-03, Vol.5 (3), p.e9678</ispartof><rights>2010 Chandrasekar et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The estrogen receptors (ERs), of which one alpha and one beta form exist in mammals function as transcription factors in response to 17β-estradiol (E2). In zebrafish there are three gene products of estrogen receptors and they are denoted esr1 (ERalpha), esr2a (ERbeta2) and esr2b (ERbeta1). Total RNA of zebrafish early life stages (<3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours post fertilization) and of adult fish (liver, intestine, eye, heart, brain, ovary, testis, gill, swim bladder and kidney) were isolated following in vivo exposures. Using specific primers for each of the three zebrafish ERs the expression levels were quantified using real time PCR methodology. It was shown that in absence of exposure all three estrogen receptors were expressed in adult fish. The levels of expression of two of these three ER genes, the esr1 and esr2a were altered in organs such as liver, intestine, brain and testis in response to ligand (E2, diethylstilbestrol or 4-nonylphenol). During embryogenesis two of the three receptor genes, esr1 and esr2b were expressed, and in presence of ligand the mRNA levels of these two genes increased. The conclusions are i) estrogen receptor genes are expressed during early development ii) altered expression of esr genes in response to ligand is dependent on the cellular context; iii) the estrogenic ligand 4-nonylphenol, a manufactured compound commonly found in sewage of water treatment plants, acts as an agonist of the estrogen receptor during development and has both agonist and antagonist properties in tissues of adult fish. This knowledge of esr gene function in development and in adult life will help to understand mechanisms of interfering mimicking endocrine chemicals in vivo.</description><subject>17β-Estradiol</subject><subject>Animal tissues</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Cellular manufacture</subject><subject>Danio rerio</subject><subject>Developmental Biology/Embryology</subject><subject>Diethylstilbestrol</subject><subject>Embryogenesis</subject><subject>Embryonic growth stage</subject><subject>ESR gene</subject><subject>Estrogen receptors</subject><subject>Estrogens</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Eye</subject><subject>Fertilization</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genetics and Genomics/Gene Expression</subject><subject>Industrial plants</subject><subject>Intestine</subject><subject>Kidneys</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Mimicry</subject><subject>Molecular Biology/Transcription Initiation and 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The estrogen receptors (ERs), of which one alpha and one beta form exist in mammals function as transcription factors in response to 17β-estradiol (E2). In zebrafish there are three gene products of estrogen receptors and they are denoted esr1 (ERalpha), esr2a (ERbeta2) and esr2b (ERbeta1). Total RNA of zebrafish early life stages (<3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours post fertilization) and of adult fish (liver, intestine, eye, heart, brain, ovary, testis, gill, swim bladder and kidney) were isolated following in vivo exposures. Using specific primers for each of the three zebrafish ERs the expression levels were quantified using real time PCR methodology. It was shown that in absence of exposure all three estrogen receptors were expressed in adult fish. The levels of expression of two of these three ER genes, the esr1 and esr2a were altered in organs such as liver, intestine, brain and testis in response to ligand (E2, diethylstilbestrol or 4-nonylphenol). During embryogenesis two of the three receptor genes, esr1 and esr2b were expressed, and in presence of ligand the mRNA levels of these two genes increased. The conclusions are i) estrogen receptor genes are expressed during early development ii) altered expression of esr genes in response to ligand is dependent on the cellular context; iii) the estrogenic ligand 4-nonylphenol, a manufactured compound commonly found in sewage of water treatment plants, acts as an agonist of the estrogen receptor during development and has both agonist and antagonist properties in tissues of adult fish. This knowledge of esr gene function in development and in adult life will help to understand mechanisms of interfering mimicking endocrine chemicals in vivo.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>20300630</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0009678</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | 17β-Estradiol Animal tissues Brain Cellular manufacture Danio rerio Developmental Biology/Embryology Diethylstilbestrol Embryogenesis Embryonic growth stage ESR gene Estrogen receptors Estrogens Exposure Eye Fertilization Fish Gene expression Genes Genetics and Genomics/Gene Expression Industrial plants Intestine Kidneys Liver Mimicry Molecular Biology/Transcription Initiation and Activation Nonylphenol Nuclear receptors Oncorhynchus mykiss Organs Physiology/Endocrinology Primers Proteins Receptors Regulatory proteins Ribonucleic acid RNA Sewage Sex hormones Swim bladder Transcription factors Trout Waste treatment Water treatment Water treatment plants Xenoestrogens Xiphophorus maculatus Zebrafish |
| title | Levels of 17β-Estradiol Receptors Expressed in Embryonic and Adult Zebrafish Following In Vivo Treatment of Natural or Synthetic Ligands |
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