Ghostwriting at elite academic medical centers in the United States

[...]to date, there has been no systematic assessment of ghostwriting policies at academic medical centers. Since US-based academic medical centers generate biomedical research for a worldwide audience, we chose to conduct the first such investigation on elite US-based academic medical centers. To avoid response bias, and given that faculty policies are commonly published on the World Wide Web, we searched for publicly available policy documents. [...]a 50% random sample of institutions with authorship policies were recoded on the two primary variables of interest, with perfect agreement between the two raters.