Safety factors and limit states analysis in geotechnical engineering

This paper outlines the ultimate and serviceability limit states in geotechnical engineering analyses. The magnitude of customary total and suggested partial safety factors in earthworks, earth retaining structures, excavations, and foundations is discussed. On the basis of comparisons between these safety factors and using recommended load factors on various types of loading, including water pressures, common resistance factors on cohesion and friction of soils and performance factors can be established together with some additional modification factors for particular stability conditions. The serviceability limit states of foundations and structures are briefly discussed.