Effects of enamel matrix derivative and transforming growth factor-β1 on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), and a combination of both factors (EMD+TGF‐β1) on periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. Material and methods: Human PDL fibroblasts were obtained from three adult patients with a clinically healthy periodontium, using the explant technique. The effects of EMD, TGF‐β1, or a combination of both were analysed on PDL cell proliferation, adhesion, wound healing, and total protein synthesis, and on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone‐like nodule formation. Results: Treatment with EMD for 4, 7, and 10 days increased cell proliferation significantly compared with the negative control (p