Interfacial Wave Motions Due to Marangoni Instability: II. Three-Dimensional Characteristics of Surface Waves in Annular Containers

In annular containers, traveling periodic wavetrains are generated in liquid layers due to the surface adsorption and subsequent liquid absorption of a miscible surface-active substance. First, localized nucleation of shock-wave-like disturbances are generated by the Marangoni effect. Then, these disturbances yield to surface-wave trains with three-dimensional features which travel through the annular container or to stationary source-and-sink states. To illustrate these phenomena we provide shadowgraph pictures of the waves, space-time diagrams showing the wave evolution and wave modulation, mean frequency of wavetrains as a function of the wave mode, surface deformation, peak-to-trough wave amplitudes, wave sources and sinks, and the time evolution of the estimated Marangoni number.