Semiannual NO2 plumes during the monsoon transition periods over the central Indian Ocean

In this study we identify recurring plumes of tropospheric NO2 originating from Africa and Indonesia during the monsoon transition periods over the central Indian Ocean (CIO, 5°N–30°S, 55°E–95°E), based on GOME satellite observations and global model (MATCH‐MPIC) simulations. Despite the relatively short lifetime of NOx, these strong plumes can develop due to the pronounced anti‐cyclonic circulation over the CIO, and the weak maritime convection, which limits vertical mixing. Model results indicate that the plumes are mainly transported in the middle troposphere (MT). Thus, the CIO in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) is not always as pristine as found in INDOEX during the winter monsoon.