The Role of Skin Absorption as a Route of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in Household Tap Water: A Simulated Kinetic Approach

Absorption of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) in tap water by exposure routes other than direct ingestion, such as inhalation and dermal contact, has been recognized only recently by the risk assessment community. Transfer of volatile water contaminants to indoor air has received particular attention. Experimental measurements of volatization of organic solutes during showering indicate that the inhalation dosage may be as large or larger than the direct ingestion dosage. Theoretical models developed to simulate the transfer of volatile organics from water to indoor air further support those experimental measurements. Human exposure to volatile water contaminants during bathing, while recognized, has generally received less attention, although several recent publications on that subject may be indicative of changing attitudes.