Isolation of the contribution of viscous flow to initiation of pentaerythritol tetranitrate during sub-shock impact

The drop weight impact experiment is used routinely to provide an initial screening of the handling sensitivity of new explosives. Despite the ubiquity and simplicity of the drop weight impact test, the physical mechanisms responsible for generating temperatures sufficiently high for the initiation of explosive reactions are not well understood. Preliminary work has shown that temperatures sufficient for ignition are in theory achievable in steady-state Poiseuille flow at the flow velocities observed experimentally with temperature-dependent shear viscosities. However, it is far from certain that such steady-state flow conditions can be achieved in the drop weight impact test because of its short duration. Therefore, here we study heat generation both experimentally and numerically to quantify the temperature distributions in molten pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Drop weight experiments have been performed starting with PETN that has been melted on a transparent anvil. The experimental results are consistent with our finite element calculations that indicate that the temperature does not approach the level needed for ignition on the time scales of the experiment. Interestingly, ignition regularly occurs in solid samples under the same conditions, so we discuss the phenomenology of ignition of both solid and molten PETN in the drop weight test and provide constraints to numerical simulations.