Recovery from diabetes in neonatal mice after a low-dose streptozotocin treatment

► We monitored long-term beta cell regeneration in neonatal mice treated with low dose STZ. ► Low-dose STZ neonatal female mice recovered blood glucose in 150days. ► Glucose intolerance of the STZ treated mice significantly improved in 150days. Administration of streptozotocin (STZ) induces destruction of β-cells and is widely used as an experimental animal model of type I diabetes. In neonatal rat, after low-doses of STZ-mediated destruction of β-cells, β-cells regeneration occurs and reversal of hyperglycemia was observed. However, in neonatal mice, β-cell regeneration seems to occur much slowly compared to that observed in the rat. Here, we described the time dependent quantitative changes in β-cell mass during a spontaneous slow recovery of diabetes induced in a low-dose STZ mice model. We then investigated the underlying mechanisms and analyzed the cell source for the recovery of β-cells. We showed here that postnatal day 7 (P7) female mice treated with 50mg/kg STZ underwent the destruction of a large proportion of β-cells and developed hyperglycemia. The blood glucose increased gradually and reached a peak level at 500mg/dl on day 35–50. This was followed by a spontaneous regeneration of β-cells. A reversal of non-fasting blood glucose to the control value was observed within 150days. However, the mice still showed impaired glucose tolerance on day 150 and day 220, although a significant improvement was observed on day 150. Quantification of the β-cell mass revealed that the β-cell mass increased significantly between day 100 and day 150. On day 150 and day 220, the β-cell mass was approximately 23% and 48.5% of the control, respectively. Of the insulin-positive cells, 10% turned out to be PCNA-positive proliferating cells. Our results demonstrated that, β-cell duplication is one of the cell sources for β-cell regeneration.