Particle–metal interactions during combustion of pulp and paper biomass in a fluidized bed combustor

We compare interactions between metals and solid particles during the classic fluidized bed combustion (FBC) and a new low–high–low temperature (LHL) combustion of selected biomass. The biomass was a mixture of bark and pine wood residues typically used by a paper mill as a source of energy. Experiments, conducted on a pilot scale, reveal a clear pattern of surface predominance of light metals (Ca, Na, K) and core predominance of heavy metals (Cd, Cr) within the LHL-generated particles. No such behavior was induced by the FBC. Metal migration is linked to the evolution of inorganic particles. A composite picture of the metal rearrangements in the particles was obtained by a combination of independent analytical techniques including electron probe microanalysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, and X-ray diffractometry. It is suggested that the combination of (1) the high-temperature region in the LHL and (2) changes in the surface free energy of the particles is the driving force for the metal–particle behavior. Important practical implications of the observed phenomena are proposed, including removal of hazardous submicron particulate and reduction in fouling/slagging during biomass combustion. These findings may contribute to redesigning of currently operating FBC units to generate nonhazardous, nonleachable, reusable particles where heavy metals are immobilized while environmental and technological problems reduced.