Roton pair density wave in a strong-coupling kagome superconductor

The transition metal kagome lattice materials host frustrated, correlated and topological quantum states of matter 1 – 9 . Recently, a new family of vanadium-based kagome metals, AV 3 Sb 5 (A = K, Rb or Cs), with topological band structures has been discovered 10 , 11 . These layered compounds are nonmagnetic and undergo charge density wave transitions before developing superconductivity at low temperatures 11 – 19 . Here we report the observation of unconventional superconductivity and a pair density wave (PDW) in CsV 3 Sb 5 using scanning tunnelling microscope/spectroscopy and Josephson scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. We find that CsV 3 Sb 5 exhibits a V-shaped pairing gap Δ ~ 0.5 meV and is a strong-coupling superconductor (2 Δ / k B T c ~ 5) that coexists with 4 a 0 unidirectional and 2 a 0 × 2 a 0 charge order. Remarkably, we discover a 3Q PDW accompanied by bidirectional 4 a 0 /3 spatial modulations of the superconducting gap, coherence peak and gap depth in the tunnelling conductance. We term this novel quantum state a roton PDW associated with an underlying vortex–antivortex lattice that can account for the observed conductance modulations. Probing the electronic states in the vortex halo in an applied magnetic field, in strong field that suppresses superconductivity and in zero field above T c , reveals that the PDW is a primary state responsible for an emergent pseudogap and intertwined electronic order. Our findings show striking analogies and distinctions to the phenomenology of high- T c cuprate superconductors, and provide groundwork for understanding the microscopic origin of correlated electronic states and superconductivity in vanadium-based kagome metals. A study reports unconventional superconductivity and a pair density wave in the kagome superconductor CsV 3 Sb 5 , and provides a basis for understanding the microscopic origin of correlated electronic states and superconductivity in vanadium-based kagome metals.