Fluoroalkyl phosphonic acid radical scavengers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Radical-induced degradation of proton exchange membranes limits the durability of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Cerium is widely used as a radical scavenger, but the migration of cerium ions to the catalyst layer has been an unresolved issue, reducing its effectiveness over time. Here, we report phosphonic acids as a promising class of radical scavengers, showing competent radical scavenging activity compared to cerium without the migration issue. The ex situ Fenton test shows that the fluoride emission rate for Nafion membrane incorporated with fluoroalkyl phosphonic acid ranged from 0.22 to 0.37 μg F cm −2 h −1 , lower than that of the cerium-incorporated Nafion™ membrane (0.39 μg F cm −2 h −1 ). The in situ open circuit voltage hold test confirmed that a phosphonic acid-incorporated Nafion™ membrane has a 58% lower fluoride emission rate compared to the baseline. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the activation energy of the hydroxyl radical scavenging reaction of an alkyl phosphonic acid is only 0.68 eV, suggesting an effective radical scavenging pathway. Fluoroalkyl phosphonic acids are demonstrated to be an efficient radical scavenger for Nafion™, showing a 58% lower fluoride emission rate than the state of the art, cerium.