Atomic Origin of the Autocatalytic Reduction of Monoclinic CuO in a Hydrogen Atmosphere

Reducibility is key for the use of bulk metal oxides in chemical transformations involving redox reactions, but probing microscopic processes of oxide reduction is challenging. This is because the insulating nature of bulk oxides restricts ion and electron spectroscopic measurements of oxide surfaces. Herein, using a combination of environmental transmission electron microscopy and atomistic modeling, we report direct in situ atomic-scale observations of the surface and subsurface dynamics and show that the hydrogen-induced CuO reduction occurs through the receding motion of Cu–O/Cu bilayer steps at the surface, the formation of the partially reduced CuO superstructure by the self-ordering of O vacancies in the subsurface, and the collapse of Cu–O layers in the bulk. All these substeps can be traced back to the progressively increased concentration and activity of O vacancies in the surface and subsurface of the oxide, thereby leading to the self-accelerated oxide reduction. These results demonstrate the microscopic details that may have a broader applicability in modulating various redox processes.