Conservation of angular momentum in second harmonic generation from under-dense plasmas

Spin and orbital angular momentum of an optical beam are two independent parameters that exhibit distinct effects on mechanical objects. However, when laser beams with angular momentum interact with plasmas, one can observe the interplay between the spin and the orbital angular momentum. Here, by measuring the helical phase of the second harmonic 2 ω radiation generated in an underdense plasma using a known spin and orbital angular momentum pump beam, we verify that the total angular momentum of photons is conserved and observe the conversion of spin to orbital angular momentum. We further determine the source of the 2 ω photons by analyzing near field intensity distributions of the 2 ω light. The 2 ω images are consistent with these photons being generated near the largest intensity gradients of the pump beam in the plasma as predicted by the combined effect of spin and orbital angular momentum when Laguerre-Gaussian beams are used. The interaction of light possessing spin or orbital angular momentum with neutral matter has attracted attention by allowing new degrees of control, but its interaction with plasma is less studied. Here, the conservation of total angular momentum is examined via nonlinear optical processes in an under-dense plasma.