Genetic improvement of heat tolerance in wheat:Recent progress in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms

As a cool season crop, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has an optimal daytime growing temperature of 15 °C during the reproductive stage. With global climate change, heat stress is becoming an increasingly severe constraint on wheat production. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance in wheat. We firstly describe the impact of heat tolerance on morphology and physiology and its potential effect on agronomic traits. We then review recent discoveries in determining the genetic and molecular factors affecting heat tolerance, including the effects of phytohormone signaling and epigenetic regulation. Finally, we discuss integrative strategies to improve heat tolerance by utilization of existing germplasm including modern cultivars, landraces and related species.