Speciation and distribution of vanadium in drinking water iron pipe corrosion by-products
Vanadium (V) when ingested from drinking water in high concentrations (> 15 μg L − 1 ) is a potential health risk and is on track to becoming a regulated contaminant. High concentrations of V have been documented in lead corrosion by-products as Pb 5(V 5+O 4) 3Cl (vanadinite) which, in natural de...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | The Science of the total environment 2010-11, Vol.408 (23), p.5845-5853 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
Zusammenfassung: | Vanadium (V) when ingested from drinking water in high concentrations (>
15
μg
L
−
1
) is a potential health risk and is on track to becoming a regulated contaminant. High concentrations of V have been documented in lead corrosion by-products as Pb
5(V
5+O
4)
3Cl (vanadinite) which, in natural deposits is associated with iron oxides/oxyhydroxides, phases common in iron pipe corrosion by-products. The extent of potential reservoirs of V in iron corrosion by-products, its speciation, and mechanism of inclusion however are unknown. The aim of this study is to assess these parameters in iron corrosion by-products, implementing synchrotron-based μ-XRF mapping and μ-XANES along with traditional physiochemical characterization. The morphologies, mineralogies, and chemistry of the samples studied are superficially similar to typical iron corrosion by-products. However, we found V present as discrete grains of Pb
5(V
5+O
4)
3Cl likely embedded in the surface regions of the iron corrosion by-products. Concentrations of V observed in bulk XRF analysis ranged from 35 to 899
mg
kg
−
1
. We calculate that even in pipes with iron corrosion by-products with low V concentration, 100
mg
kg
−
1
, as little as 0.0027% of a 0.1-cm thick X 100-cm long section of that corrosion by-product needs to be disturbed to increase V concentrations in the drinking water at the tap to levels well above the 15
μg
L
−
1
notification level set by the State of California and could adversely impact human health. In addition, it is likely that large reservoirs of V are associated with iron corrosion by-products in unlined cast iron mains and service branches in numerous drinking water distribution systems. |
---|---|
ISSN: | 0048-9697 1879-1026 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.036 |