Morphological development and photosynthetic acclimation of Panax ginseng seedlings to irradiation by light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

To determine the optimal light intensity and enable plants to cope with various environmental stresses in plant factories, the morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of ginseng seedlings, including the secondary metabolites, were investigated under six light intensities: 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 μmol m −2 s −1 . The shoot length increased with lower light intensity up to 75 μmol m −2 s −1 , and the leaf area and specific leaf weight were greatest at 100 and 75 μmol m −2 s −1 , respectively. Stomata frequency was higher from 100 μmol m −2 s −1 with higher light intensity, and single stomatal pore length also increased at 150 μmol m −2 s −1 . Net photosynthetic rate at light saturation and net photosynthetic rate in growth condition increased sequentially up to 100 μmol m −2 s −1 before rapidly decreasing at 150 μmol m −2 s −1 . The dark respiration rate and light compensation point were significantly high at 150 μmol m −2 s −1 only. Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content statistically differed from 63 and 84 days after seedling stand, respectively. Thus, the leaves withered to death with higher light intensity. The ginsenoside content in the roots significantly increased according to the light intensity, and the panaxadiol/panaxatriol (PT) ratio tended to decrease as the PT-type ginsenosides increased further. Taken together, the range of 75–100 μmol m −2 s −1 was found to be beneficial for growth, photosynthetic acclimation response, and total accumulated ginsenosides of ginseng seedlings.