Ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 inhibit transforming growth factor- 1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppress migration, invasion, anoikis resistance, and development of stem-like features in lung cancer

Background: Lung cancer has a high incidence worldwide, and most lung cancer-associated deaths areattributable to cancer metastasis. Although several medicinal properties of Panax ginseng Meyer havebeen reported, the effect of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)stimulated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- b1) and self-renewal in A549 cells is relativelyunknown. Methods: We treated TGF-b1 or alternatively Rk1 and Rg5 in A549 cells. We used western blot analysis,real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), wound healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, and anoikisassays to determine the effect of Rk1 and Rg5 on TGF-mediated EMT in lung cancer cell. In addition, weperformed tumorsphere formation assays and real-time PCR to evaluate the stem-like properties. Results: EMT is induced by TGF-b1 in A549 cells causing the development of cancer stem-like features. Expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, decreased and an increase in vimentin expression wasnoted. Cell mobility, invasiveness, and anoikis resistance were enhanced with TGF-b1 treatment. Inaddition, the expression of stem cell markers, CD44, and CD133, was also increased. Treatment with Rk1and Rg5 suppressed EMT by TGF-b1 and the development of stemness in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Rk1 and Rg5 markedly suppressed TGF-b1-induced metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP2/9) activity,and activation of Smad2/3 and nuclear factor kappa B/extra-cellular signal regulated kinases (NFkB/ERK) pathways in lung cancer cells. Conclusions: Rk1 and Rg5 regulate the EMT inducing TGF-b1 by suppressing the Smad and NF-kB/ERKpathways (non-Smad pathway). KCI Citation Count: 33