Therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction in vascular diseases

Vascular endothelial cells are located on the surface of the blood vessels. It has been recognized as an important barrier to the regulation of vascular homeostasis by regulating the blood flow of micro- or macrovascular vessels. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction is an initial stage of vascular diseases and is an important prognostic indicator of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, or diabetes. Therefore, in order to develop therapeutic targets for vascular diseases, it is important to understand the key factors involved in maintaining endothelial function and the signaling pathways affecting endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to describe the function and underlying signaling pathway of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, shear stress, and epigenetic factors in endothelial dysfunction, and introduce recent therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.