Nitrogen removal performance of anammox process with PVA–SA gel bead crosslinked with sodium sulfate as a biomass carrier

[Display omitted] In this study, the result shows that polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate (PVA–SA) gel bead crosslinked with sodium sulfate are better among the different methods by comparing the relative mechanical strength, mechanical strength swelling and expansion coefficient of beads in water. Subsequently, anammox biomass entrapment by PVA–SA gel was introduced into continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). After 24 operation days, the nitrogen removal efficiency achieved 60%, while the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) was 0.14kgN/m3/d and the experiment data indicated that PVA–SA gel bead crosslinked with sodium sulfate can be used to initiate anammox process. Furthermore, it is an alternative for culturing anammox in a long-term operation.