PM2.5 and heavy metals in urban and agro-industrial areas: health risk assessment considerations

The study investigated PM 2.5 and heavy metal pollutant concentrations in Seoul and Wonju, South Korea, emphasizing the importance of considering PM 2.5 chemical constituents for health impact assessments. While PM 2.5 concentrations were similar between the two cities with slight variations, heavy metal concentrations differed significantly. Regional sources, PM 2.5 composition, and meteorological conditions influenced these variations. Exposure to Fe was highest in all areas, with some heavy metals exceeding permissible levels, stressing the need to consider regional characteristics in assessments. Different heavy metals influence health risks differently in each city. When examining the HI (the summation of the hazard quotient for heavy metals), Seoul remained below an HI value of 1, while Wonju exceeded this threshold when exposed to CTE concentrations. In Seoul, As had a significant health impact of PM 2.5 , while in Wonju, Mn was more influential. Source apportionment confirmed different pollution sources in Seoul and Wonju, affecting the distribution of PM 2.5 constituents in the atmosphere. Effective PM 2.5 management requires a comprehensive approach considering chemical constituents and health impacts not just mass-based PM 2.5 management, emphasizing regional-specific assessments and policy considerations to mitigate health risks. Therefore, tailored management strategies based on regional characteristics are necessary. Graphical Abstract