T-DNA insertion mutants of Arabidopsis DA1 orthologous genes displayed altered plant height and yield-related traits in rice (O. sativa L.)

Background The Arabidopsis DA1 gene is a key player in the regulation of organ and seed development. To extend our understanding of its functional counterparts in rice, this study investigates the roles of orthologous genes, namely DA1 , HDR3 , HDR3.1 , and the DA2 ortholog GW2 , through the analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants. Objective The aim of this research is to elucidate the impact of T-DNA insertions in DA1 , HDR3 , HDR3.1 , and GW2 on agronomic traits in rice. By evaluating homozygous plants, we specifically focus on key parameters such as plant height, tiller number, days to heading, and grain size. Methods T-DNA insertion locations were validated using PCR, and subsequent analyses were conducted on homozygous plants. Agronomic traits, including plant height, tiller number, days to heading, and grain size, were assessed. Additionally, leaf senescence assays were performed under dark incubation conditions to gauge the impact of T-DNA insertions on this physiological aspect. Results The study revealed distinctive phenotypic outcomes associated with T-DNA insertions in HDR3 , HDR3.1 , GW2 , and DA1 . Specifically, HDR3 and HDR3.1 mutants exhibited significantly reduced plant height and smaller grain size, while GW2 and DA1 mutants displayed a notable increase in both plant height and grain size compared to the wild type variety Dongjin. Leaf senescence assays further indicated delayed leaf senescence in hdr3.1 mutants, contrasting with slightly earlier leaf senescence observed in hdr3 mutants under dark incubation. Conclusions The findings underscore the pivotal roles of DA1 orthologous genes in rice, shedding light on their significance in regulating plant growth and development. The observed phenotypic variations highlight the potential of these genes as targets for crop improvement strategies, offering insights that could contribute to the enhancement of agronomic traits in rice and potentially other crops.