O- and N-Methyltransferases in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid producing plants

Background Secondary metabolites such as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) have attracted considerable attention because of their pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic applications. Methyltransferases (MTs) can add methyl groups to alkaloid molecules, altering their physicochemical properties and bioactivity, stability, solubility, and recognition by other cellular components. Five types of O -methyltransferases and two types of N -methyltransferases are involved in BIA biosynthesis. Objective Since MTs may be the source for the discovery and development of novel biomedical, agricultural, and industrial compounds, we performed extensive molecular and phylogenetic analyses of O - and N -methyltransferases in BIA-producing plants. Methods MTs involved in BIA biosynthesis were isolated from transcriptomes of Berberis koreana and Caulophyllum robustum . We also mined the methyltransferases of Coptis japonica, Papaver somniferum, and Nelumbo nucifera from the National Center for Biotechnology Information protein database. Then, we analyzed the functional motifs and phylogenetic analysis. Result We mined 42 O -methyltransferases and 8 N -methyltransferases from the five BIA-producing plants. Functional motifs for S -adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases were retained in most methyltransferases, except for the three O -methyltransferases from N. nucifera . Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the methyltransferases were grouped into four clades, I, II, III and IV. The clustering patterns in the phylogenetic analysis suggested a monophyletic origin of methyltransferases and gene duplication within species. The coexistence of different O -methyltransferases in the deep branch subclade might support some cases of substrate promiscuity. Conclusions Methyltransferases may be a source for the discovery and development of novel biomedical, agricultural, and industrial compounds. Our results contribute to further understanding of their structure and reaction mechanisms, which will require future functional studies.