Forensic genetic analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and microhaplotypes in Koreans through next-generation sequencing using precision ID identity panel

Background Forensic DNA analysis has seen remarkable advancements with the advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). In particular, NGS analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) offers significant advantages in the analysis of challenging samples compared to conventional STR analysis. Objective This study aimed to investigate the SNPs of the Precision ID Identity Panel, a commercially available NGS panel for personal identification, by generating genetic profiles of 298 Koreans and comparing them with other global populations. Methods A total of 124 SNPs, including 90 autosomal and 34 Y-SNPs, were analyzed using the Precision ID Identity Panel, and forensic parameters, microhaplotypes, and population differences were investigated. Results The NGS data were successfully obtained from 298 Koreans. The analysis of forensic parameters exhibited a low combined match probability of 1.532 × 10 − 34 , which is comparable to that obtained from commonly used STR analysis. Additionally, the microhaplotype analysis revealed that the use of 16 microhaplotypes provided higher discriminatory power compared to single target SNPs. Furthermore, the adoption of microhaplotype data resulted in an increase of over 20% in expected heterozygosity at five loci. Inter-population analysis showed a close genetic relationship between Koreans and individuals from China and Myanmar in East and Southeast Asia, which are geographically adjacent to Korea. Conclusions The results of this study show that the Precision ID Identity panel can be a useful alternative where traditional STR typing is not feasible. Also, the data from our study will be useful as a reference for Koreans in forensic investigations and the prosecution of criminal justice.