Population genetic structure and dispersal of Pinus occidentalis in the Dominican Republic by chloroplastic SSR, with implications for its conservation, management, and reforestation

Pinus occidentalis Swartz is the dominant species of forest ecosystems in the Dominican Republic, located between 200 and 3000 m above sea level, with extensive and overexploited natural populations. However, over the years, various restoration plans have been performed, which could affect the genetic structure of P. occidentalis. Despite being the species with the highest occurrence in the Dominican forests, there is no existing information on the genetic structure and molecular characterization among natural populations with limited information on both phenological and productive characterization. In this study, the genetic structure, diversity, and gene flow of the five P. occidentalis natural populations of the Dominican Republic were determined using microsatellite markers. A total of 145 individuals were genotyped with eight polymorphic chloroplastic microsatellites, producing an average of 41 haplotypes with high genetic diversity across populations (H E = 0.90). Significant population genetic structure was found between populations (F ST = 0.123). These results reflect the impact of reforestation programs on natural populations and diluting the natural genetic signature. Analysis of population genetic data are, therefore, crucial for the breeding and conservation programs of P. occidentalis in the country.