"Brought under the law of the land" : the history, demography and geography of crossculturalism in early modern Izmir, and the Köprülü Project of 1678

The port-city of Izmir (old Smyrna) plays a crucial role in modern world history. From the 1570s, that city became subjected to European mercantile interests and quickly developed into the main conductor of an irreversible European takeover of the Ottoman economy – the structural basis of a centuries-long decline of the once-mighty Ottoman Empire. Or, so the historical consensus dictates. The problem is that this consensus has been constructed over a conspicuous shortage of sources by an overreliance on grand theories paired with a fundamental misunderstanding of the Ottoman (political, legal, economic and social) system and its solutions to the challenges of the times. This study wants to uncover and question the teleological (mostly Eurocentric, oftentimes triumphalist) historiography of city, empire and world systems that have resulted. In its stead, it lays the foundations of a historiography that restores 17th-century Izmir (and perhaps early-modern Ottoman civilization) to the role of an active and autonomous participant-alternative to Europe’s expanding world system.