Frauen, die Geister beherrschen: Geister und Schamaninnen bei den Rentier-Ewenken in den Großen Hinggan Bergen (Nordostchina)

The Reindeer-Evenki in the Greater Khingan Range of Northeast China (Manchuria) believe that each thing has its soul and various spirits populate the whole universe. The spirits mastered by the shamans are called seva. The most important spirit-complex among the Chinese Reindeer-Evenki is the old clan spirit malu, who consists of several manifestations. The shamans are mediators between men and spirits. Each clan had its own shaman. The last two shamans among the Reindeer-Evenki of China were female - Olga Dmitrievna Kudrina, who died in 1944, and her successor Njura Kaltakun, who died in 1998.