The Survival of the Muʿtazila Tradition of Qur'anic Exegesis in Shīʿī and Sunnī tafāsīr / ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ

Like all other Islamic sects and movements, the Muʿtazilīs were very attentive to the study of the Qur'an and many among their ranks authored books on Qur'anic exegesis. Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of tafāsīr compiled by Muʿtazilīs are not extant and, for a long time, the vast majority of the scholarly community has been under the impression that the only surviving Muʿtazilī tafsīr was al-Zamakhsharī's Kashshāf. However, two other major Muʿtazilī tafāsīr have come to light, and now we can begin to determine the contribution of the Muʿtazilī exegetical tradition to the field of tafsīr. This study will argue that the demise of the Muʿtazila does not necessarily mean that their tradition of Qur'anic exegesis died out; nor for that matter their theology and religious thought. To this end, it will examine two cases that demonstrate that the Muʿtazilī tradition of Qur'anic exegesis was, at least to some extent, absorbed into the mainstream exegetical traditions of Twelver Shīʿism and Sunnism. The first case details the influence of al-Jishumī's Tahdhīb on Majmaʿ al-bayān by the prominent Twelver Shīʿī exegete al-Ṭabrisī. The second shows the reliance of the paramount Sunnī theologian and philosopher Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī in his Mafātīḥ al-ghayb on al-Kashshāf by al-Zamakhsharī. ﺃﻭﻟﻰﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ - ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ - ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻒ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ. ﻭﻟﻸﺳﻒ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻉ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻘﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺨﺸﺮﻱ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﺯ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺛﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺰﺍﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﺍﻥ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ. ﻭﺳﺘﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺮﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﻜﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ. ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺳﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﺤﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﺮّﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ. ﻭﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺬﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﺠﺸﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺮﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﻱ. ﻭﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻓﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺨﺸﺮﻱ .