Inactivation of pollen and other effects of genome-plastome incompatibility in Oenothera

A series of strains of the homozygous species Oenothera grandiflora (characterized by the genome BB and plastome III) were combined with plastome IV from O. parviflora (BC-IV) by means of appropriate crosses. An incompatibility between genome B and plastome IV is expressed in the haplo- and diplophase: (1) B-IV pollen, though normally developed, is largely inactive. The extent of the inactivation varies between different strains and shows a seasonal fluctuation as determined by seed set in outcrossing and selfing experiments. (2) In most of the strains lethality of BB-IV embryos is the rule, leading to empty seeds. This can be ameliorated by including another plastome in the zygotes and developing embryos on account of the biparental plastid transmission in Oenothera. It can best be demonstrated in crosses with a seed parent having normal green plastids of plastome IV and mutated chlorophyll deficient plastids from a different plastome in the pollen parent, leading to variegated progeny as well as a remainder of empty seeds. (3) In about one-half of the strains the BB-IV plants exhibit a temporary bleaching of the virescens type. The incompatibily between genome B and plastome IV does not support the earlier assumption that plastome IV is the ancestor of plastomes II, III, and V. Instead, a precursor plastome is postulated from which plastomes II, III, and IV are descended. While plastome I can be derived from II, only plastome V can be descended from plastome IV.