There's More to the Picture Than Meets the Eye: Nitric Oxide Cross Talk with Ca 2+ Signaling

Calcium and nitric oxide (NO) are two important biological messengers. Increasing evidence indicates that Ca 2+ and NO work together in mediating responses to pathogenic microorganisms and microbe-associated molecular patterns. Ca 2+ fluxes were recognized to account for NO production, whereas evidence gathered from a number of studies highlights that NO is one of the key messengers mediating Ca 2+ signaling. Here, we present a concise description of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross talk between Ca 2+ and NO in plant cells exposed to biotic stress. Particular attention will be given to the involvement of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels and Ca 2+ sensors. Notably, we provide new evidence that calmodulin might be regulated at the posttranslational level by NO through S-nitrosylation. Furthermore, we report original transcriptomic data showing that NO produced in response to oligogalacturonide regulates the expression of genes related to Ca 2+ signaling. Deeper insight into the molecules involved in the interplay between Ca 2+ and NO not only permits a better characterization of the Ca 2+ signaling system but also allows us to further understand how plants respond to pathogen attack.