Towards a New Model of Job Design

The paper discusses and critiques the theoretical framework of job design techniques in modern organization. It starts with a general review of the literature and critiques the theoretical formulations that gave rise to current job design strategies and techniques widely used in today's complex organizations. The paper also presents two recent theoretical views of organization and finally attempts a synthesis of the two approaches into a model that is intended as a theoretical guideline for re-designing jobs and generating further research in this area. This view may be characterized as an anthropological approach to the complex issue of job design. ﻳﺤﺘﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﱢﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺣﻴﺰﺍً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺧﺒﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ. ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ، ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺗﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ. ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ .