O’odham Irrigated Agriculture Response to Colonization on the Middle Gila River, Southern Arizona

Colonization has been shown to have sweeping effects on indigenous households in different parts of the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa, Mexico, the southeastern United States, and the southwestern United States, where many of these indigenous groups are subsistence farmers (e.g., Netting et al. 1989; Pavao-Zuckerman 2007; Pavao-Zuckerman and LaMotta 2007; Spielmann 1989; Spielmann et al. 2009; Stone 1994; VanDerwarker et al. 2013). Previously, much of the research regarding colonization focused on the destructive effects that colonization had on indigenous subsistence farmers, including the decimation of population due to introduced diseases, the acculturation of indigenous groups into the colonial regime, and