Thermal Stability of Calmodulin and Mutants Studied by 1H−15N HSQC NMR Measurements of Selectively Labeled [15N]Ile Proteins

Calmodulin, the Ca2+-dependent activator of many cellular processes, contains two well-defined structural domains, each of which binds two Ca2+ ions. In its Ca2+-free (apo) form, it provides an attractive model for studying mechanisms of protein unfolding, exhibiting two separable, reversible processes, indicating two structurally autonomous folding units. 1H−15N HSQC NMR in principle offers a detailed picture of the behavior of individual residues during protein unfolding transitions, but is limited by the lack of dispersion of resonances in the unfolded state. In this work, we have used selective [15N]Ile labeling of four distinctive positions in each calmodulin domain to monitor the relative thermal stability of the folding units in wild-type apocalmodulin and in mutants in which either the N- or C-domain is destabilized. These mutations lead to a characteristic perturbation of the stability (T m) of the nonmutated domain relative to that of wild-type apocalmodulin. The ability to monitor specific 15N-labeled residues, well-distributed throughout the domain, provides strong evidence for the autonomy of a given folding unit, as well as providing accurate measurements of the unfolding parameters T m and ΔH m. The thermodynamic parameters are interpreted in terms of interactions between one folded and one unfolded domain of apocalmodulin, where stabilization on the order of a few kilocalories per mole is sufficient to cause significant changes in the observed unfolding behavior of a given folding unit. The selective 15N labeling approach is thus a general method that can provide detailed information about structural intermediates populated in complex protein unfolding processes.