Electrochemical Sensor Based on TiO2 Nanoparticles/Nafion Biocompatible Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Carbamazepine Determination in Pharmaceutical and Urine Samples

In the present research work, voltammetric technique was applied for quantitative measurement of carbamazepine (CBZ) in solutions using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and Nafion. The TiO2NPs/Nafion composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and also thermogravimetric techniques. The electrochemical behavior of the electrode was evaluated by various electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The constructed modified electrode, exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity upon oxidation of CBZ molecules in solutions compared with an unmodified glassy carbon electrode. The calibration plot was linear within the concentration ranges of 0.4-12 μM and 12-100 μM. The limits of detection and quantification were achieved as 0.054 μM and 0.18 μM, respectively. The developed voltammetric sensor was satisfactorily applied for determination of CBZ in pharmaceutical formulations and also in urine samples.