Gyrokinetic analysis of turbulent transport by electromagnetic turbulence in finite β plasmas with weak magnetic shear on HL-2A

Turbulent transport and zonal flow (ZF) dynamics in the mixed kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) and ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode dominated turbulence states are analyzed by gyrokinetic simulations based on the experimental observations of KBMs in the HL-2A Internal Transport Barrier (ITB) plasmas with weak magnetic shear configuration. Results have shown that KBMs and ITGs are the main candidates for turbulent transport and the inclusion of fast ions (FIs) can destabilize both instabilities, which is resulted by the decrease of ballooning parameter α MHD hence reduced Shafranov shift stabilization due to the negative FI density gradient, making them more unstable according to the ŝ-α MHD diagram. In addition, the ITGs are suppressed by both dilution and finite- β stabilization effects caused by FIs. Nonlinear simulations excluding the effects of FIs indicate that the transport is minimum at β e = β e exp as the turbulence predominated by ITGs is strongly suppressed by the nonlinear electromagnetic (EM) stabilization and enhancement of ZFs. However, the transport is further increased with β e although the ZFs become stronger due to the transition from ITG to KBM dominated turbulence state. The presence of FIs can modify the relation between ZF shearing rate and β e . The transport level is insensitive to β e when β e ⩽ β e exp but increases significantly because of the KBM destabilization. Meanwhile, the ZF amplitude reaches maximum at β e = β e exp whereas it suffers an erosion at higher values, implying that the plasma might be a self-organized critical state owning to the interactions among ZFs, KBMs and FI effects hence setting the plasma β around β exp . The results have also provided a possible explanation that the destabilization of EM turbulence is responsible for the ion heat transport stiffness under weak magnetic shear configurations in the off-axis neutral beam injection heated ITB plasmas on HL-2A.