Antimonene-based saturable absorber for a soliton mode-locked and Q-switched fiber laser in the 2 μm wavelength region

We demonstrate antimonene as a saturable absorber (SA) to generate an ultrafast mode-locked and Q -switched laser in the 2 μm wavelength region. The two antimonene-based SAs were prepared and inserted separately in a thulium–holmium-doped fiber laser to produce the pulsed laser. Antimonene was coated onto a tapered fiber to generate soliton mode-locked pulses and used in thin-film form for the generation of Q -switched pulses. The mode-locking was stable within a pump power of 267 mW–511 mW, and the laser operated at a central wavelength of 1897.4 nm. The mode-locked laser had a pulse width of 1.3 ps and a repetition rate of 12.6 MHz, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 64 dB. Q -switched laser operation was stable at a wavelength of 1890.1 nm within a pump power of 312 mW–381 mW. With the increase in pump power from 312 mW to 381 mW, the repetition rate increased to a maximum of 56.63 kHz and the pulse width decreased to a minimum value of 2.85 μs. Wide-range tunability of the Q -switched laser was also realized within the wavelength range of 1882 nm–1936 nm.