Retrieval of photoionization group delay in chirped-attosecond pulses photoelectron streaking experiments

Photoionization time delays have been investigated in many streaking experiments in which an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse is used to ionize the target in the presence of a dressing infrared laser field. The discrepancies between the photoionization time delays thus experiment measured and those from many sophisticated theoretical simulations have generated a great deal of controversy in recent years. The difficulty of achieving an accuracy of the retrieved time delays comes from two facts: a so-called wavepacket approximation is introduced to construct the photoionization electron wavepacket, this approximation is invalid if atto-chirp of XUV is non-zero; the other one is that the lower sensitivity of the streaking spectra to the phase of the photoionization transition dipole. Here we present a time delay retrieval method born from our recently proposed ‘phase retrieval of broadband pulses auto correlation’ (PROBP-AC) technology to overcome above limitations. We carefully exam the validity of our method and make a few compare with some other common used retrieval codes, and the simulations demonstrate that more accurate results can be retrieved using PROBP AC. Based on the present method, the angular dependent photoionization time delays can also be retrieved. Our investigation casts doubts on the measured group time delays in previous streaking experiments. We also mention here that a single photoionization group time delay at the XUV peak energy is not enough to represent a complete photoemission process; instead, a fully characterization of the photoionization group time delay over the whole bandwidth of the wave packet is required.