Thermodynamic analysis of the inverse electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric thin films

Inverse electrocaloric (i-EC) effect occurs in ferroelectrics when the applied electric field aligns anti-parallel to polarization. In this study, the dependence of the i-EC effect on temperature and misfit strain is formulated and applied to clamped BaTiO 3 thin films using the Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire formalism. It is found that an interplay exists between the pyroelectric coefficient and the maximum possible inverse electric field. We demonstrate that the temperature change is strongly dependent on the inverse field amplitude and is maximal at lower temperatures away from the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition for a given misfit strain. Such an outcome is opposite to the direct electrocaloric effect, where it is desirable to remain near the transition temperature for the maximum electrocaloric temperature change. The fact that the i-EC effect can be maximum at lower temperatures could allow for the potential tailoring of this effect in strained films at moderate temperatures for device applications.