Total quality management: a healthcare application

The continuous improvement model is making its inroads healthcare. The essential elements of TQM are discussed in light of the healthcare environment. A number of TQM/healthcare models are reviewed and an eclectic implementation model is developed. The model emphasizes 'change' steps which an organization needs to undertake as well as a detailed implementation roadmap for healthcare institutions. Implementation obstacles and success factors for TQM implementation in healthcare are presented.