Adaptive Model Predictive Control-Based Real-Time Energy Management of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

To compete with battery electric vehicles, fuel cell (FC) hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) are required to offer better performance in fuel economy and FC durability. To this end, this paper proposes a novel real-time adaptive model predictive control (AMPC)-based energy management strategy (EMS) for FCHEVs to improve their fuel efficiency and mitigate the degradation of their on-board FC hybrid systems. First, a linear, parameter-varying (LPV) prediction model of the FC hybrid system that considers the system parameter variation is developed. The model offers sufficient accuracy while enabling the real-time implementation capability of the AMPC. Then, an AMPC strategy is proposed to optimally distribute the load current of the FCHEV between the FC and the battery in real time. In each control interval of the AMPC, the LPV prediction model is updated online to adapt to the variations of the battery state of charge. The constrained optimization problem of the AMPC is then formulated to achieve a desired trade-off among four performance metrics and is further transformed into a quadratic programming problem, which can be solved in real time. Hardware-in-the-loop tests are performed on a downscaled FC hybrid system with the proposed AMPC-based EMS, a commonly used rule-based EMS, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy, and an improved MPC-based EMS, respectively. Results show that among the four real-time EMSs, the AMPC-based EMS achieves the best performance in reducing hydrogen consumption and FC current fluctuation and the smallest optimality gap with respect to an offline dynamic programming-based optimal EMS.