Nonparametric Background Model-Based LiDAR SLAM in Highly Dynamic Urban Environments

In urban environments, () are essential for autonomous driving. Most () methodologies have been developed for relatively static environments, despite real-world environments having many dynamic objects such as vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. This paper proposes an efficient and robust. Our framework leverages the estimated background model to achieve robust motion estimation in dynamic urban environments. Based on probabilistic object estimation, the dynamic removal module estimates a nonparametric background model to recognize dynamic objects. This module estimates the probability of the difference of the range values from the accumulated frames. Then, dynamic objects are removed by adapting the sensor velocity from the estimated ego-motion. In the local mapping module, our method optimizes the LiDAR motion considering the dynamic characteristics of LiDAR point clouds. Finally, the proposed method results in a global map with static point clouds and accurate LiDAR motion with global pose optimization. We tested the proposed method on the well-known public dataset (KITTI) and the custom dataset with complex environments, including various moving objects. Comparisons with () methods demonstrate that the our approach is more robust and efficient. For example, the proposed method performed an average 0.63\% and 0.18^{\circ}/100\;m errors on the KITTI dataset with 0.96ms processing time that convinces real-time processing.