Carbon Emission Flow Oriented Tri-Level Planning of Integrated Electricity-Hydrogen-Gas System with Hydrogen Vehicles

A planning of integrated electricity-hydrogen-gas system to supply hydrogen for hydrogen vehicles (HVs) with the consideration of carbon emission flow (CEF) is proposed in this article. From the perspective of energy consumption, hydrogen production will inevitably produce carbon dioxide. This article innovatively presents the CEF model to quantify the distribution of carbon emission in each energy hub by tracing the energy flow in the coupled network. After solving the CEF model, a novel tri-level planning method is utilized to coordinate the plan of electricity-hydrogen-gas integrated network to highlight the role of hydrogen in reducing carbon emission of HVs. Moreover, two major hydrogen production methods, seawater electrolysis and steam methane reforming, are considered and analyzed simultaneously to provide hydrogen for HVs. Therefore, the proposed approach will satisfy the growing requirement of carbon reduction by installing new clean energy equipment in electricity-hydrogen-gas integrated network. A coupling system of 24-node power system, 9-node hydrogen energy network, and 7-node natural gas network is utilized in the case study. Simulation results show that the proposed model plays an effective role in reducing carbon emission of the coupled system with growing number of HVs.