Multiple-frequency moored sonar for continuous observations of zooplankton and fish

Moored, internally-recording acoustic instruments can acquire continuous profiles of echoes throughout the water column, thus providing a low-cost method to study the behavior and abundance of fish and zooplankton in oceans and lakes. Calibrated sonars with several frequencies allow some information about species composition and abundance to be deduced from acoustic backscatter data. The same instrument can be configured to look up from the bottom, down from the surface or horizontally from a CTD cage. In this presentation we describe an improved low power, battery-operated multi-frequency sonar capable of autonomously collecting data at high temporal and spatial resolution for periods of up to a year. The AZFP instrument (Acoustic Zooplankton and Fish Profiler) supports up to four frequencies in a single housing. The available operating frequencies are 38, 125, 200, 455 and 770 kHz. The transducers are co-located, with the same nominal beam widths of 7° or 8°, except at 38 kHz, where the beam width is 12°. The standard AZFP can be moored at depths up to 300m, and with modified transducers as deep as 600m. The recent improvements to the instrument include replacement of the signal detector with a wide dynamic range logarithmic receiver. The linearity of the receiver response has been improved, its instantaneous dynamic range has been increased to over 80 dB, and the requirement to pre-select one of four time-varying gain settings is no longer necessary, as the expanded dynamic range eliminated the need for a time-varying gain function. Additional noise reduction methods have also been implemented. The procedures used to calibrate acoustic performance of these instruments will be discussed. Typical minimum detectable volume backscatter strengths are -100dB at 20m range to -80dB at 100m range for the 125 and 200 kHz channels, and -80dB at 20m range for the 770 kHz channel. Sixteen GigaBytes (GB) of data storage is provided using a compact flash disk, which allows high temporal sampling rates (maximum 1 Hz) to be performed for shorter deployments. For longer periods, true arithmetic averaging can be done internally in both range and time to reduce the data storage space required. Low power consumption allows the instrument to collect data on four channels out to 100m range, pinging at 0.5 Hz for 150 days on a standard 200 Ampère-hours (A-Hr) battery pack. To illustrate the potential of such observations, preliminary results from several deployments in Saanic