Computer Simulation of Stepping in the Hind Legs of the Cat: An Examination of Mechanisms Regulating the Stance-to-Swing Transition

Department of Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Submitted 19 January 2005; accepted in final form 25 July 2005 Physiological studies in walking cats have indicated that two sensory signals are involved in terminating stance in the hind legs: one related to unloading of the leg and the other to hip extension. To study the relative importance of these two signals, we developed a three-dimensional computer simulation of the cat hind legs in which the timing of the swing-to-stance transition was controlled by signals related to the force in ankle extensor muscles, the angle at the hip joint, or a combination of both. Even in the absence of direct coupling between the controllers for each leg, stable stepping was easily obtained using either a combination of ankle force and hip position signals or the ankle force signal alone. Stable walking did not occur when the hip position signal was used alone. Coupling the two controllers by mutual inhibition restored stability, but it did not restore the correct timing of stepping of the two hind legs. Small perturbations applied during the swing phase altered the movement of the contralateral leg in a manner that tended to maintain alternating stepping when the ankle force signal was included but tended to shift coordination away from alternating when the hip position signal was used alone. We conclude that coordination of stepping of the hind legs depends critically on load-sensitive signals from each leg and that mechanical linkages between the legs, mediated by these signals, play a significant role in establishing the alternating gait. Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: Ö. Ekeberg, Dept. of Computer Science, Royal Inst. of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden (E-mail: orjan{at}nada.kth.se ). 1 The Supplementary Material for this article (a series of videos) is available online at http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/00065.2005/DC1 Related articles in JN: CORRIGENA JN 2006 95: 2028. [Full Text]