The Stress-activated Protein Kinases p38α and JNK1 Stabilize p21Cip1 by Phosphorylation

Stress signals activate the SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK classes of protein kinases, which mediate cellular responses, including steps in apoptosis and the maturation of some cell types. We now show that stress signals initiated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induce G 1 arrest through protein stabilization of the CDK inhibitor p21 Cip1 . TGF-β1 was previously shown to increase p21 protein levels, which in turn mediated G 1 arrest through inactivation of the CDK2-cyclin E complex in HD3 cells (Yan, Z., Kim, G.-Y., Deng, X., and Friedman, E. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 9870–9879). We now demonstrate that the increase in p21 abundance is caused by a post-transcriptional, SMAD-independent mechanism. TGF-β1 activated p38α and JNK1, which initiated the phosphorylation of p21. TGF-β1 treatment increased the half-life of p21 by 3–4-fold. The increase in p21 stability was detected following activation of p38α and JNK1, and treatment of cells with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 prevented this increase in p21 stability. p38α and JNK1 phosphorylated p21 in vivo , and both p38α and JNK1 phosphorylated p21 at Ser 130 in vitro . Peptide mapping demonstrated that both TGF-β1 and p38α induced phosphorylation of p21 at Ser 130 in vivo , and mutation of Ser 130 to alanine rendered p21 less stable than wild-type p21. TGF-β1 increased the stability of wild-type p21, but not the p21-S130A mutant. These findings demonstrate that SAPKs can mediate cell cycle arrest through post-translational modification of p21.