SNIP1 Inhibits NF-κB Signaling by Competing for Its Binding to the C/H1 Domain of CBP/p300 Transcriptional Co-activators

SNIP1 is a 396-amino acid nuclear protein shown to be an inhibitor of the TGF-β signal transduction pathway and to be important in suppressing transcriptional activation dependent on the co-activators CBP and p300. In this report we show that SNIP1 potently inhibits the activity of NF-κB, which binds the C/H1 domain of CBP/p300, but does not interfere with the activity of transcription factors such as p53, which bind to other domains of p300, or factors such as VP16, which are independent of these co-activators. Inhibition of NF-κB activity is a function of the N-terminal domain of SNIP1 and involves competition of SNIP1 and the NF-κB subunit, RelA/p65, for binding to p300, similar to the mechanism of inhibition of Smad signaling by SNIP1. Immunohistochemical staining shows that expression of SNIP1 is strictly regulated in development and that it colocalizes, in certain tissues, with nuclear staining for RelA/p65 and for p300, suggesting that they may regulate NF-κB activity in vivo in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. These data led us to suggest that SNIP1 may be an inhibitor of multiple transcriptional pathways that require the C/H1 domain of CBP/p300.