Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Proteins Play an Important Role in the Biogenesis of the Alzheimer’s Amyloid β-Protein

The Alzheimer’s amyloid protein (Aβ) is released from the larger amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) by unidentified enzymes referred to as β- and γ-secretase. β-Secretase cleaves APP on the amino side of Aβ producing a large secreted derivative (sAPPβ) and an Aβ-bearing C-terminal derivative that is subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase to release Aβ. Alternative cleavage of the APP by α-secretase at Aβ16/17 releases the secreted derivative sAPPα. In yeast, α-secretase activity has been attributed to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored aspartyl proteases. To examine the role of GPI-anchored proteins, we specifically removed these proteins from the surface of mammalian cells using phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). PI-PLC treatment of fetal guinea pig brain cultures substantially reduced the amount of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the medium but had no effect on sAPPα. A mutant CHO cell line ( gpi85 ), which lacks GPI-anchored proteins, secreted lower levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and sAPPβ than its parental line (GPI+). When this parental line was treated with PI-PLC, Aβ40, Aβ42, and sAPPβ decreased to levels similar to those observed in the mutant line, and the mutant line was resistant to these effects of PI-PLC. These findings provide strong evidence that one or more GPI-anchored proteins play an important role in β-secretase activity and Aβ secretion in mammalian cells. The cell-surface GPI-anchored protein(s) involved in Aβ biogenesis may be excellent therapeutic target(s) in Alzheimer’s disease.