Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms in a simulated Al 2O 3-Fe 2O 3-Cr 2O 3-CuO waste system

* Cu and Cr can be mostly incorporated into CuFe x Al y Cr 2 − x − y O 4 with a spinel structure. * Spinel phase is the most crucial structure for Cu and Cr co-stabilization. * Compared to Al, Fe and Cr are easier to be incorporated into the spinel structure. * 'Waste-to-resource' by thermal process at attainable temperatures can be achieved. Chromium slag usually contains various heavy metals, making its safe treatment difficult. Glass-ceramic sintering has been applied to resolve this issue and emerged as an effective method for metal immobilization by incorporating heavy metals into stable crystal structures. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the reaction pathways adopted by multiple heavy metals and the co-stabilization functions of the crystal structure. To study the Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms during thermal treatment, a simulated system was prepared using a mixture with a molar ratio of Al 2O 3:Fe 2O 3:Cr 2O 3:CuO= 1:1:1:3. The samples were sintered at temperatures 600-1300°C followed by intensive analysis of phase constitutions and microstructure development. A spinel phase (CuFe x Al y Cr 2 − x − y O 4) started to generate at 700°C and the incorporation of Cu/Cr into the spinel largely complete at 900°C, although the spinel peak intensity continued increasing slightly at temperatures above 900°C. Fe 2O 3/Cr 2O 3 was more easily incorporated into the spinel at lower temperatures, while more Al 2O 3 was gradually incorporated into the spinel at higher temperatures. Additionally, sintered sample microstructures became more condensed and smoother with increased sintering temperature. Cu / Cr leachability substantially decreased after Cu/Cr incorporation into the spinel phase at elevated temperatures. At 600°C, the leached ratios for Cu and Cr were 6.28% and 0.65%, respectively. When sintering temperature was increased to 1300°C, the leached ratios for all metal components in the system were below 0.2%. This study proposes a sustainable method for managing Cu/Cr co-exist slag at reasonable temperatures.