Bayesian reconstruction of dark matter distribution from peculiar velocities: accounting for inhomogeneous Malmquist bias

We present a Bayesian velocity field reconstruction algorithm that performs the reconstruction of the mass density field using only peculiar velocity data. Our method consistently accounts for the inhomogeneous Malmquist (IHM) bias using analytical integration along the line of sight. By testing our method on a simulation, we show that our method gives an unbiased reconstruction of the velocity field. We show that not accounting for the IHM bias can lead to significant biases in the Bayesian reconstructions. We applied our method to a peculiar velocity data set consisting of the SFI++ and 2MTF Tully–Fisher catalogues and the A2 supernovae compilation, thus obtaining a novel velocity reconstruction in the local Universe. Our velocity reconstructions have a cosmological power spectrum consistent with the theoretical expectation. Furthermore, we obtain a full description of the uncertainties on reconstruction through samples of the posterior distribution. We validate our velocity reconstruction of the local Universe by comparing it to an independent reconstruction using the 2M++ galaxy catalogue, obtaining good agreement between the two reconstructions. Using Bayesian model comparison, we find that our velocity model performs better than the adaptive kernel smoothed velocity with the same peculiar velocity data. However, our velocity model does not perform as well as the velocity reconstruction from the 2M++ galaxy catalogue, due to the sparse and noisy nature of the peculiar velocity tracer samples. The method presented here provides a way to include peculiar velocity data in initial condition reconstruction frameworks.